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Battle of Seseña
The Battle of Seseña was an ill-fated Republican assault on the Nationalist stronghold of Seseña, near Toledo, 30 km south of Madrid in October 1936 during the Spanish Civil War. After the fall of Talavera de la Reina and Toledo in September 1936, the Nationalist troops pushed towards Madrid and in October they were 30 km from Madrid. Then the Republican government which had received new Russian weapons decided to launch a counteroffensive in order to stop the Nationalist offensive at Seseña. The attack failed and the Nationalists resumed their advance towards Madrid. The battle is notable for being the first time that tank warfare was seen in the Spanish war and for the use by Nationalist troops of Molotov cocktails against Soviet T-26 tanks.〔(History of the Molotov cocktail )〕〔Thomas, Hugh (1994). ''The Spanish Civil War''. Simon & Schuster, p. 468. ISBN 0-671-75876-4〕
==Background==
The professional troops of the Spanish Army of Africa had started their drive to Madrid in August 1936. Equipped with modern weapons they had received from Germany and Italy (Ju-52 and Savoia SM-81 planes, and Italian tankettes), the Nationalist troops, had defeated the government militias in the battles of Mérida, Badajoz, Sierra de Guadalupe〔Thomas, Hugh. (2001). ''The Spanish Civil War''. Penguin Books. London. p.362〕 and Talavera de la Reina,〔Graham, Helen. (2005). ''The Spanish Civil War.'' Oxford University Press. p. 35〕 and had occupied Toledo on September 27, 1936. In late October 1936 the Nationalists took several towns near Madrid (Torrejon de Velasco, Seseña, Torrejón de la Calzada and Griñon), breaking the first defensive line of Madrid.〔Beevor, Antony. (2001). ''The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939.'' Penguin Books. London. p.169〕
Meanwhile, the Republican government had requested aid and weapons from France in order to defeat the Nationalist forces and the president of the French Republic, Léon Blum initially decided to send help because a Nationalist victory could damage the international position of France. Nevertheless, on July 25, 1936 Blum decided not to send weapons to the Republic, because the opposition of the British government and the French right.,〔Preston, Paul. (2006). ''The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, Revolution&Revenge.'' Harper Perennial. London. pp.127-128〕 and on August 8, 1936 decided to close the frontier,〔Thomas, Hugh. (2001). The ''Spanish Civil War.'' Penguin Books. London. p.375〕 Then, the Spanish government decided to buy weapons from the Soviet Union. The first Soviet ship with weapons reached Cartagena on October 15, 1936.〔Preston, Paul. (2006). ''The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, Revolution&Revenge.'' Harper Perennial. London. p.150〕 On 28 October 1936, the Republican prime minister Largo Caballero decided to launch a counter-offensive with the Soviet weapons in order to detain the Nationalists advance towards Madrid.〔Beevor, Antony. (2001). ''The Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939.'' Penguin Books. London. p.169〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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